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Monday, July 7, 2014

The Oracles of God



If it’s not about Jesus, it’s not about anything

(Motto of the Fountain of Life)




 
Invocation:  Father God, in Jesus’ name we ask for your blessing on this message, that it treats the subject with fairness and respect and that it may contribute to the honor and glory of Jesus. 

SPS:   It is twofold.  1) To explore the advantage of the Jews.  2) To explore the disadvantage of a world without them.  

SCRIPTURES: 
Romans 3:1-2:  “What advantage then have the Jews?  Or what profit is there of Circumcision?  Much in every way:  Chiefly because that unto them were committed the oracles of God.”
1Corinthians 1:22:  “…and the Greeks seek after wisdom.

These two scriptures show two widely different methods of gathering and processing knowledge.  The Greeks sought elemental knowledge through reason and observation.  Here, knowledge begins with man.  In contrast the Jews perceived that knowledge begins with God.  They were the recipients of special revelation through Abraham, Moses, and the prophets.  And that knowledge existed centuries before Christ.  Moreover, through the diaspora of the Jews, that knowledge existed in nations and cultures far removed from Palestine.  And that fact has tremendous importance.  Let’s explore how important. 

A NEW ANCIENT WORLD

The movie “It’s a Wonderful Life” staring Jimmy Stewart is a story about a man who learned what the world would be like had he never been born.  Brethren, for the sake of this message let us apply that literary device to ancient history and construct a brand New Ancient World.  Let’s consider a world in which Abraham had never been born.  That removes Jacob and the Jews from ancient history.  That removes Moses and John the Apostle; that removes Genesis through Revelation; that removes Jesus and the promise of a Messiah.  And since there is no Isaiah nor John the Baptist there is no voice shouting in the wilderness “Make straight the way of the Lord.”  And this lack of a voice removes from the world any explanation of what a Messiah is and why one is needed.     

In this Jacob-less world, lacking the Oracles of God not one soul knows who or what God really is; in this New Ancient World, God, if there is one, is so totally different, totally transcendent from humanity that we cannot understand him or relate to him in any way.  Not one soul understands sin or its consequences, and nobody is expecting or desiring a messiah because there is no perceived need for one.  

 How would this culture receive Jesus if he came to it?  He would not be Jewish because there are no Jews.  He might be Egyptian or Syrian or Asian or Indian or other.  What would this world, which does not know what God is, think of a man who claimed to be the Son of God and preached about a Father God, a Kingdom and sin?  What would they think if He worked miracles?  Probably most would think Him insane and lock Him away.  Many would see His miracles and sense power behind them; they would covet that power and try control Him to their advantage and make Him king.  No one would understand His message.  No one would consider repentance, conversion, grace and salvation because these would all be unfamiliar terms which were never taught before.   

There would be nothing in the whole world to prepare or to condition the culture to receive Him.  He would be alienated from every group in the world because no part of the world could relate to anything He taught.  This alienation is not hostile; it does not occur because of opposition to the message, it just occurs because there is nothing familiar in His teachings.   

There is nothing to reject or accept because there is nothing to which the culture can relate or compare it.  Because there was no “Voice in the wilderness” to alert and prepare the culture about Him, His message would fall upon deaf disinterested ears.  

How are men and women to understand this New Ancient World?  How do they answer the universal question of “What am I?”  What is the purpose of my existence?”   Ancient philosophers looked at their earth and up into their sky and asked, “How did it all begin?”  They reasoned by the familiar visible evidence that a hand of power higher than man existed, but they could not know who or what that power was.  The ancient poets answered these questions with mythologies and created the gods and heroes to fill them.  They created religions not only to explain their myths but also to control both their gods and their people.     

What do you think brethren?  Do you think there is a God?  What is He like?  Why is there evil?  Try to answer these questions, but remember for our exercise there is no Moses; no oracles; no Jews in the world.  The question for each and every individual in the New Ancient World becomes, “What do you think?”  Dear reader use your own reason and observations.  Come up with your answer and plan your life around it.  But remember that your answer is no more valid than anyone else’s.  Look up into the night sky.  How do you think it began?  How did life begin?  What will guide your universe? Cosmic Force?  Random Chance? Aliens? 

THE PHILOSOPHERS AND THE CIRCLE OF WISDOM

Without Jacob in the world the philosophers sought after wisdom and categorized five universal proofs from reason to discover the truth of the reality which surrounded them.    
  
 Brethren, the five proofs are as follows:
1.       Motion:  there has to be a prime unmoved mover.
2.      Cause and Effect:  Why is there something instead of nothing? 
3.      Contingency:  Necessary or not necessary beings.  Humans are in the process of being, therefore are contingent; not necessary.  However, to eternally BE demands a non-contingent or necessary being.
4.      Scale of Perfection:  If there is good in the world, there is by definition something better.  If there is something better, there is something that is the BEST, which is the singular source of all good.
5.      The order seen in the world.  This is argument by design.  Design required a designer.

Wisdom of man reveals the necessity (non-contingency) of something existing above and beyond the power of man.  What that something is becomes the object of endless philosophies; ever seeking, ever learning; never knowing.  They pride themselves upon their use of reason to guide them in this search.  They think that reason is a part of the soul, but they are not sure what the soul is.  Reason uses logic.  Aristotle categorized the laws of logic.  The laws of logic do not tell us what to think, they tell us how to think or how to reason accurately.  And they work in this bibleless world too.  They are:

1.       The law of non-contradiction.  A cannot be B at the same time and place.
2.       The law of causality or cause and effect.
3.      The basic reliability of the senses.
4.      The analogical use of language.  I love my wife.  I love my country.  I love baseball, mom and apple pie.  Many words such as love are partly alike and partly different.  They are similar but not identical.  We can therefore apply an analogical understanding of a common word to the incomprehensible infinite things and gain a limited understanding of them; such as “God is love. 

There also is the fact that in using our best human reason and logic, we often make the wrong choice as though we were irrational.  A second fact is that when operating irrationally, we may still make the correct choice as though we were rational.  This mutually inclusive situation creates the circle of wisdom where the weakness is not in making the wrong choice, the weakness is making any choice at all.  That is because in this circle any choice or concept of truth is flawed and uncertain.  In this New Ancient World the best humans can do it to guess that there is an unknown something outside of creation that made everything. 

MYTHOLOGIES:  THE FANTSTIC AND THE EVIL

Without Israel in the world the idea of God is a blank slate and is up for grabs.  In this New Ancient World no single poet’s mythology is more or less valid in understanding God or creation than any other.  They would be similar to those found in our history books.   

For example, the Norse tradition, includes melting ice and a cow named Audhumina that licked ice, which created gods who turned two logs into humans.  The Hindu Satapatha Brahmana tradition reads, “Verily, in the beginning this universe was water, nothing but a sea of water.  The waters desired, ‘How can we be reproduced?’  They toiled, became heated and produced a golden egg.”  

 The tradition of Zarathustra taught that Ahura Mazhda created the universe, the earth and all good and instructed men to till it.  But he is only partially omnipotent because Angra Mainyu, who is all death, counter-created evil and contests good.  Many Native American religions claim that they are literally, not figuratively, children of the Earth itself.   

Mythology produced the Phoenician religion of Jezebel of Zidon, which involved state sponsored religious prostitution of both men and women.  In that area of the Near East with a sexually active religion population and no antibiotics, venereal disease was widespread.  Myths inspired the religion of Amon and Moab, which offered the human sacrifice of living children in hideous rituals to the fire God Molech.

THE BEGINNING OF WISDOM

Mankind is created in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:27).  Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) puts it this way.  “God and man share a relationship (as we are his image-bearers), which establishes the use of analogy as a way for finite man to speak about the infinite God.  The ability to reason is included in that image and likeness.  And thousands of years of human history show that human reason is generally reliable despite its limitations as outlined above.  Even those who doubt the existence of God often pride themselves on their reasoning ability.  I believe that reason and logic are integral parts of the image and likeness of God.

Other proposed systems of knowledge must deny one or all of these laws of reason and logic.  The irony is that other systems use these laws of reasoning to prove why they deviate from these same laws.  By definition if a law of reason is denied, that denial is itself unreasonable.  A denial of logic is itself illogical.  Any proof derived from those denials carries the seeds of unreasonableness and illogic in it. 

THE ORACLES OF GOD

Theologian Karl Barth (1886 – 1968) demonstrates that everything that we observe; the creation, heaven, earth and all that is in them is not God and God is not the creation.  God is totally other from the creation.  Therefore creation is not the source of truth.  One point to observe is that the bible was not written to for or about engineers, biologists, historians, mathematicians or theologians.  And it was not written by man to explain God. 

It was written by God to people made in His image and likeness, who were created with the ability to recognize Him.  It was written by God to remove speculation about who and or what He is.  He revels Himself as Father and as loving God.  These are not titles of God, they are the relational and intimate functions of one person directed toward another.  What does that mean?  In my case it means that I’ve known and speculated about God and Jesus for years.  However, I knew about King Jesus the same way I knew about General George Washington or about King George III - with academic interest and detachment.  Well brethren I am a sinner, a failure and a fool.  But because of the Oracles of God I’ve begun to personally know Jesus as Savior, Sovereign, and Friend.
   
The oracles of God illustrate that the best man can do is reason from the creation upward and speculate about what is unseen.  Consider that Aristotle’s thought has influenced the course of civilizations for thousands of years, yet the best truth this great mind could give is that there is an unknown something that put all else into motion.  

 Compare his writings to those of Nehemiah 9:6,Thou art Lord alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, the earth, and all things that are therein, the seas, and all that is therein, and thou preserves them all; and the host of heaven worshippeth thee.”  

 Nehemiah speaks with certainty; he speaks directly to a living entity; he knows God because God interacts through the oracles and removes uncertainty. 

Brethren read Genesis.  You either will intuitively sense a vast difference in scope and purpose from other traditions or you won’t.  This intuition might be the initial working of Faith or the direct calling of God.  If you cannot sense the difference, you will continue your search for truth elsewhere.  Perhaps that search will end with a cosmic cow or a god created in your image and likeness.

Genesis does not add uncertainty.  The Oracles of God removes speculation.  In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.  Here the unknowable reveals Himself, not as a force or process of nature or an accident, but as a being with purpose and power.  The God of Genesis introduces Himself as an omnipotent being who is non-contingent and self-sustaining.  This knowledge is independent of science.  The Oracles of God reveal Him to be personally Lord and Sovereign, caring, good and consisting of Love.  This knowledge is independent of philosophy.  And Genesis reveals more. “By His Word it was created.  The “it” is matter, gravity, electromagnetism, dark energy, Higgs boson particles, life, you, me; everything.  Without these oracles, we must create myths and fables to explain what we see.  Genesis says simply, “Hello child, I am He whom you seek to know.” 

CONCLUSION:  Man reasons from the creation upward to discover a silent God.  The foundation of man’s speculations is man.  Whatever type of god man discovers is corrupt with human imperfection.  The oracles of God reach downward to reveal God.  The foundation of the Oracles is God.  The oracles reveal a God who is not silent, but rather a God who is interactive and relational.  The great value of the Jews is the great glory granted to them by God.  That glory of the Jews resides in their being the point of contact chosen by God to speak downward toward men to reveal Himself.  His oracles reveal to the Jews what is impossible for all the earth to know.  Through the agency of the Jews His reality is witnessed to the world.  God speaks He interacts and uncertainty and speculation are removed.  That revelation continues forever and as the receivers of the Oracles of God, the glory of the Jews continues forever.

The great glory of the Jews is summed up in Hebrews 1:1-2:  “God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spoke in time past unto the fathers by the prophets.  Hath in these last days spoken unto us by His Son.”  The tribes of Israel and the Jews received all these truths about God from God.  Through them God speaks to man and removes the doubt and uncertainty.   And the greatest glory of the Jews is that through them, Christ, who is the greatest revelation of God, came into the world.  And that glory lasts through eternity.

Friends, for more information on the mission and the glory of the Jews please see the Apostles’ Creed part 4 of 6 on the Fountain of Life blog page.      

Brethren may the grace and peace of God our Father and Christ Jesus our Savior be with you all.

Rev. George Relic, Assistant Pastor
Fountain of Life
A congregation of Grace Communion International 
Washington, PA

A Very Brief History of the Church:Part 8 (b)

 "But we beseech you, brethren, to know them that labor among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you":1Thess:5:12

There arose in southern Asia Minor influential Christian thinkers generally called the Cappadocians
Basil of Caesare, Macrina , Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory of Nazianzus. They were from a Christian family , their grandparents had lived in exile for their faith in Jesus.

These like other early Christian thinkers and writers they do not belong to any one "ecclesiastical organization" but to all Christian in what ever age they lived. These early leaders of the Church helped to frame what we understand to be accepted Christian doctrine.

Basil of Caesarea

Basil had traveled to Egypt and other lands to study the life of a monastic monk. Basil came to live in a place called Annesi. in Annesi  he and his friend Gregory of Nazianzus created a community for men to teach service to others which he believed was the true basis for the monastic life.
Basil is generally considered the the father of the monastic movement in the east.

After six years Basil was ordained an elder, which he accepted with some  hesitation. Basil found himself having a conflict with the Bishop of the Church in Caesarea. This conflict resulted in Basil returning to the monastery. Here he remained living in quiet until the Arian conflict arose again and the Bishop of Caesarea called upon Basil to help in the conflict against Arianism.

When Basil arrived at the town of Caesarea he found that bad weather had been hard on the crops,  little food was being sold in the public markets. Some of the wealthy people of the town had bought up what had been available making shortage even worse and sending prices beyond that of the poor's ability to pay.

Basil preached against the self practices of some in the city, what little property that he had Basil sold to help provided for those who had little or nothing.

When the Bishop of the city died Basil was chosen to replace him. His election to Bishop was in part due to his ability to address  Arianism. Those who embraced Arianism saw Basil's health as a week point which they hoped to exploit.

The Emperor at that time was Valens who favored the Arian view.Valens announced that he would visit Caesarea, those who held to the orthodox view knew that Valen did this to lend his support to the Arian cause. 

Before the Emperor arrived in Caesarea he sent his agents ahead of him to  induce Basil to agree  with Arianism they would offer promises and resort to threats if Basil would not agree with his views. Basil, however ,  would not relent and even threats of torture did not move him.

When the Emperor arrived in the city he made an  generous offering upon the alter in the Church but none accepted it until Basil himself came forwarded making it clear to all present that he was in authority and not the Emperor.

From that time forward Basil wrote expounding on the Trinitarian orthodox  view within the Church, he would died just before the Council of Constantinople in 381 AD.

Gregory of Nyssa

Gregory was the younger brother of Basil. Gregory was reserved and liked quite contemplation,  yet unlike his brother Basil,  Gregory did not at first enter the monastic life , rather he was married until his wife died. It was only after her death that Gregory entered the monastic life.

For Gregory he sought peace and emotional security within the confines of the monastic life. Here Gregory had hoped to spend his days in prayer and meditation but his brother Basil called upon Gregory to assume the office of  Bishop of the small  village of Nyssa. 

Accepting the role of Bishop proved difficult for Gregory. Being a Bishop placed him in the midst of the Arian controversy , so great was the contention with the Arians that Gregory with drew and went into hiding for a time.

After the death of his brother Basil and the death of the Emperor Valens Gregory then emerged as one of the prime supporters of  Trinitarian orthodox  view within the Church which had come down over the years, Gregory attended the Council of Constantinople in 381 AD where he carefully articulated the Trinitarian stance before those assembled.

Gregory would go on to become a theological adviser to the Emperor Theodosius,  this role demanded much travel from Gregory who longed to be back living a quite life in the monastic community.

Finally after many travels and knowing that after the historic understanding was firmly in place Gregory was able to to return to a life of quite. The time and place of his death are unrecorded.

Gregory of Nazianzus

Gregory had been a heretic until his wife Nona  was able to bring him into the orthodox view of the Church. Gregory had met Basil while they were students.

As a youth he was studious, he was for a time in Caesarea then traveled to Athens Greece he would stay there fourteen years there he met Basil and and even the Prince Julian.

At age thirty Gregory returned to home and entered the monastic community along with his friend Basil. Gregory would be ordained as an elder against his wishes. He would for a time go to Basil's community at the monastery to avoid the responsibilities of an elder but eventually accepted the office and began his pastoral duties.

The Arian controversy continued  in which Gregory became involved. His friend Basil placed Gregory as Bishop over a small community. Gregory felt that Basil imposed on him and the friendship became strained.

Gregory entered into a very difficult time both personally and spiritually . He suffered the death of several family members including his wife Nona.  In his grief Gregory left the congregation over which he had been placed and went in to seclusion. 

While he was searching for answers in his retirement  news was sent to him that Basil had died as well. The news was devastating  to  Gregory  compounding the grief that he sought escape from.

Eventually Gregory found the strength to return  to active service with in the Church. He found himself facing the  Arian controversy and speaking for the historic understanding of the Church. In 379 AD he spoke in Constantinople . 

At this point even the Imperial government had found itself in support of the Arian view and in the city of Constantinople there was not one congregation  which held to the historic understanding of the Church. While walking in to the streets  Gregory was assaulted by a mob and was struck by stones which were thrown by the Arian adherence.

The contention was great but Gregory held to the understanding of the established Church. He would compose hymns that he used to strengthen his small congregation, some of those hymns are still sung by eastern Orthodox Christians.

It was not until Emperor Theodosius  came to Constantinople in 380 AD and brought a settlement. All those who held to Arianism were removed from public office which they had used to advance the cause they believed in.

The Emperor asked Gregory  to attended a service at the Cathedral of St. Sophia.  As they approached the Cathedral sun light came through the clouds and fell upon Gregory. Many believed that it was sign from God and called for Gregory to be elevated to the office of Bishop.

At first Gregory sought to avoid the ordination but in the end accepted it. Gregory,  however was not just named Bishop of  Constantinople  but given the office of Patriarch. 

Gregory presided  over a council where some opponents pointed out that Gregory could not be the Patriarch of the city due to he being a Bishop in another city . Gregory quickly  resigned the office and another man named Nectarius would serve in his place.

The Council of reaffirmed the Church understanding of the deity of Jesus and that of the Holy Spirit and defined the historic view of the Trinity.

Gregory returned to his home and spent the rest of his life serving as a pastor and composing hymns until he died at age sixty years of age.

Macrina

Macrina was the sister of of Basil and Gregory their family had been Christians for two generations and had suffered persecution during the Decian persecutions.

When was twelve years of age Macrina parents' arranged for her  to marry to a relative of the family. At the start Macrina , wished not to be engaged but then agreed to the arrangement. After all the plans had been finalized Macrina's  fiancée died unexpectedly. Macrina decided never to marry and chose for herself a life of celibacy and contemplation.

Macrina developed an strong personality even confronting her brother Basil whom she confronted about his arrogance. She also forcefully suggested that Basil focus more on Christian writers and thinkers rather than pagan ones.

Macrina became a stabilizing presence in their family  after the death of some close relatives and their father as well. She always focused her family's thought on promises of God that they might rise above the grief and sadness that they experienced in life.

Macrina moved to her families land holdings in the village of Annesi and established a community that was in her view designed to foster greater communion with God and other believers. 

Macrina and several other women gathered at Annesi  and lived together in a simple life of fellowship and serving God until she died trusting in the eternal life through Jesus Christ.

To Be Continued....

Rev.Todd Crouch, Pastor 

The Fountain of Life Church a Congregation of Grace Communion
2101 Old National Pike.
Washington, Pennsylvania.   www.gcfountainoflife.org
The Fountain of Life is heard  on the RKP Radio Network 1710 and 1670 AM in Washington and North Franklin ,and 1790 AM  in the Arden Fair Grounds area of Washington Pennsylvania, and on 1710 AM in Bentleyville and Monongahela, Pennsylvania. And online around the world at www.rkpradio.com

Tuesday, July 1, 2014

A Very Brief History of the Church:Part 8 (a)

"But we beseech you, brethren, to know them that labor among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you":1Thess:5:12


Over the years there have been, and are,  many  over the centuries who  have served Jesus Christ  faithfully even to the point of death , many of those have done so in anonymously, some of those faithful Christians we may never know this side of eternity, there are more than can be named in short treatment of the subject, but I would like to offer just a overview  of a few who have shaped Christian thought , understanding and doctrine regardless as to where we may find ourselves in the greater body of the Church.

Some we have historical records of, those who came after the Apostles or and other Biblical personalities. It serves us to follow the admonition of Paul to be aware of the many who have proclaimed the Gospel about Jesus to the world around them and moved the Church forward in it's mission to tell the world around them about Jesus Christ. 

These early Church leaders did not, and do not,  belong to any one "ecclesiastical organization", but rather predate any  such humanly devised denominational structure or form.They belong to all believers in all ages under whatever name  believers are gathered.

 Clement of Rome

The Early leaders of the Church are generally referred to as the "Apostolic Fathers" .
The leaders of the Church at Rome it is believed that the Apostle Peter is to have ordained two Bishops,  Linus  and Cletus. But it has been the tradition that Peter ordained Clemente to lead the congergation.

There is very little information regarding Clement, other that he had a prominent role in the Church at Rome before being ordained to lead the congregation and that he wrote to varies church to address situations that had developed and needed his input. 

Clement is thought to be the same Clement that is referred to in Paul's epistle to the Philippians:4:3 as" a fellow servant of Christ".

In some traditions it is believed that Clement was exiled out of Rome, under Emperor Trajan  to Chersonesus which is in modern Crymiea. While there he preformed a miracle which led to the conversion of many pagans in the region.

For the ministry that Clement conducted converting many to believe in Jesus, Clement is thought to have been arrested and bounded to a ships anchor and dropped into the sea. 

 Irenaeus of Lyons

Irenaeus was born around 130 AD in Smyrna in Asia Minor. He was taught by the Bishop Polycarp, the disciple of John the Apostle. At some point Irenaeus located to Lyons in south Gaul where he became and Elder of the Church.

At some point Irenaeus was dispatched to Rome with a  communication for the Church leadership there.While in Rome persecution broke out in Lyons and Vienna against the Christians in those cities. Photinus Bishop of Lyons was killed leaving none to lead the remaining Christians.

When Irenaeus returned he was ordained to the office of Bishop  Irenaeus ,however saw himself as a pastor and shepherd,  to care for the flock of Christians seeing to their spiritual needs rather than engaging in theological thoughts.  

His approach to ministry ,that of being a shepherd, also reveals how he related to Jesus Christ, seeing Jesus as the one true good shepherd. Irenaeus also wanted those under his care to understand that they were wanted and loved by God, as such he wanted his ministry to reflect that love.

Irenaus' writings  reflect a hesitation to engage in speculative thinking, but rather to deal directly with heretical teaching and  refute it to and establish orthodox Christin doctrine.  

Irenasus believed that the free will that God had conferred upon humanity at creation gave humanity the capacity to choose to participate  in becoming more like Jesus Christ.  He stressed that Christians need to be taught by way of the Scripture and the ministry of the Holy Spirit and strengthen in the Christian life through worship with a focus on the sacrament of  Communion.

  He saw God working in  human history and the lives of all that ultimately the will accomplished and God  his kingdom established with a intense focus on the Incarnation of Jesus bringing God and humanity together.

Clement of Alexandria

Clement of Alexandria was born in the Greek city of Athens, his parents were pagans. Clement would have been exposed early in life to discussions of philosophy.

It is uncertain as to how and where Clement was exposed to the message about Jesus but he became a convert and sought out a pastor or Christian teacher that could answer the deep questions that he had.

His search for a teacher took him to Alexandria Egypt, the city noted for it's educational and philosophical centers of learning.
While in  Alexandria Clement met Pantenus, of which there is little information.

Pantenus proved however, to be the teacher that Clement sought for. Clement stayed and learned from Pantenus in Alexandria until Pantenus died. 

At Pantenus' death Clement amused his place as a teacher, rather than that of being a pastor,  where he taught  Christina thought. Alexandria was a city that attracted people from throughout the world with its universities and schools. 

Also Alexandria was situated on important travel and trade routs bring many peoples and ideas into the city giving Clement a large and diverse audience to teach and expound Christian doctrine, thought and theology. It was is hope that through teaching and reason he could bring many pagans and non believers to the point that they would receive Jesus Christ, therefore Clement would allude to the Greek philosophers at times, such as Plato, to attempt creating a dialog  with pagans steeped in Hellenized thought. 

Clement would teach in Alexandria until the persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus broke out  in 202 AD. This forced Clement to leave the city of Alexandria . Clement untimely traveled to Asia Minor and Syria and stayed there until his death in 215 AD.



Tertullian of Carthage

Tertullian was from Carthage in North Africa and lived  most of his life there , but it was when he traveled to Rome that he became converted and believed in Jesus Christ.

Before Tertullians conversion it is possible that he was an attorney, he appears to have had the thought processes of a trained legal mind. It is also possible that he was schooled in oratory and rhetoric.


When he returned to the city of Carthage he engaged in writing a series of works to defend Christian belief from the attacks of pagans and heresies that had arisen against accepted Christina belief and understanding.

Tertullian presented arguments and reasons in defense of the doctrine of the Church against the challenges of unorthodox teachers  explaining accepted Christian understanding and the Church's right to teach and defend that orthodox doctrine.

Tertullian showed how that the Church being the heirs of the work of God through Jesus had authority to interpret Scripture, and as it was the Apostles who wrote the Gospels and the Epistles conferred ownership of those writings to the Church orthodox and not to groups which emerged apart from the understood body that comprised the Church for two centuries. 

All that Tertullian worked at to keep heresies out of the Church makes it hard to grasp why he would join himself with extra-orthodox group started by Montanus. It may have been the high moral standard that called out to him. 

Even after Tertullian joined with Montaus, he still wrote to deal with heresies and wild speculation. Eventuality he would, after a time,  find the rigors of the Montanus movement unrealistic and unworkable. 

Tertullian would find himself in a disagreement  with a Bishop whom he deferred to as "devil in Rome" .

Tertullian would leave the Montanus  group and and continue his cause for sound doctrine among Christians,  he wrote regarding the nature of Jesus who  being both divine and human and led to help define the Church's understanding of the Trinity and founding sound Christian orthodox understanding of each.

Athanasius of Alexandria

Athanasius' birth an location are not recorded, but he arose out of the Coptic people of Egypt, most likely from a  small and poor village somewhere along the Niel river. Due to his dark complexion and short stature he would become known as the "Black Dwarf" by some.  He in his younger life became familiar with monks who lived in the desert who spent their time studying Scripture and  in prayer. It is recorded in his own works that he knew and visited  the monk Anthony ,  and a other records that he gave a cloak to Paul the Hermit.Athanasius' relationship with the Desert Monks would help shape his understanding, thought and theology which has impacted the Church throughout the centuries even to this present time.  From the monks he would acquire his austerity that many found worthy of admiration. Athanasius' influence in the greater Church arose out of the humility and unpretentious genuine faith that he lived out each day and the bond that he had with the common people from which he came.

Athanasius had a zeal for Jesus and deep rooted convictions which focused his mind upon  Jesus Christ as the very eternal Son of God come in the flesh. He saw all history as the working of God revolving around the person of Jesus.

Athanasius was among those who withstood the teachings of  the Arians, which disputed the orthodox view of the person of Jesus and the nature of God which had come down through the years. This controversy which arose and was led by Dr. Arias. 

  The clash in theological thought  began in Alexandria Egypt when  Bishop Alexander argued with a popular Bishop named Dr. Arius. Arius maintained that  in eternity before the creation of the world God created "the Word"  who became Jesus in the Incarnation, this meant that Jesus was not "God" eternally as the Church and Scripture presented him to be was "God" but not "God"   as the Father was "God", that Jesus was some how less "God" than the Father.

This controversy began to  not only effect the Church, but the general public as well so great was then debate , arguments would flared up in the streets and market place  especially after Dr. Arius was removed from being a Bishop.

 Even  the Emperor Constantine was drawn into the discussion. The Emperor seeing that the divide threaten public tranquility and the integrity and unity of the Empire in the east he asked the Church leadership to meet and resolve the issue among themselves. 

All of this as well led to the Council of Nicea in Asia Minor in the Spring of  325 AD. This gatherings of Bishops  developed the Nicean Creed which reaffirmed the historic teaching of the Church; that Jesus is, and has always, been and will be eternally fully God and in the incarnation assumed humanity.

Athanasius was serving as a Deacon at the council had a central role in defining  not only the nature of Jesus, but the Trinity as well.

At the death of Bishop Alexander it was assumed  that Athanasius would take his place. But Athanasius instead fled into the desert to avoid being ordained to that office. After much resistance to being placed in Alexanders office Athanasius finally conceded and accept the ordination.

As the politics both within the Church and Empire vacillated  and views shifted over the years Athanasius would find the orthodox and historic understanding would be challenged thrusting him contentiously him into the debate regarding the nature of Jesus and the Trinity. He would be plotted against during his life and ministry and face exile from Alexandria and  face arrest and assailed by his opponents.

Athanasius gave the Church at large a deeper more vibrant understanding  of the God and Savior who speaks out of the Holy Bible and came to humanity in the person of Jesus.

Athanasius died in Alexandria Egypt in 373 AD .

To Be Continued....

Rev.Todd Crouch, Pastor 

The Fountain of Life Church a Congregation of Grace Communion
2101 Old National Pike.
Washington, Pennsylvania.   www.gcfountainoflife.org
The Fountain of Life is heard  on the RKP Radio Network 1710 and 1670 AM in Washington and North Franklin ,and 1790 AM  in the Arden Fair Grounds area of Washington Pennsylvania, and on 1710 AM in Bentleyville and Monongahela, Pennsylvania. And online around the world at www.rkpradio.com